Transgenic mouse models for investigating human DUX4 expression during development and its roles in FSHD pathophysiology

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant myopathy caused by aberrant expression of the DUX4 retrogene, and it affects skeletal muscles primarily in the face, shoulder, and limbs. In healthy individuals, DUX4 is expressed in early development and is subsequently silenced in most somatic tissues. The spatiotemporal pattern of DUX4 mis-expression beyond the cleavage stage in FSHD is poorly understood because DUX4 is not well conserved beyond primates. Here, we generated Cre reporter mouse lines with human DUX4 regulatory elements to investigate the cell lineages derived from DUX4-expressing cells in embryos and adults. Intriguingly, we found that DUX4-expressing cell lineages were present in embryonic forelimb, hindlimb, and face. In adults, the reporter was expressed strongly in testis and to a lesser extent in other tissues, including weak, sporadic expression in skeletal muscles, reminiscent of mosaic DUX4 expression in FSHD. Within skeletal muscles, DUX4 lineage cells include pericytes, an interstitial cell that contributes to muscle regeneration and repair. Overall, this study introduces a new research tool for the field, and provides new insight into potential developmental mechanisms underlying FSHD pathophysiology.