Comparison of Allografts, Xenografts, and Autografts in Immediate Implant Placement, Focusing on Bone Formation - A systematic review

In implant dentistry, bone grafting is an essential procedure, particularly when inadequate bone volume makes implant support difficult. The quality and speed of bone growth, as well as the success of osseointegration, are critical aspects in the result of immediate implant placement and are greatly influenced by the type of bone graft material used, such as platelet rich plasma (PRP), PerioGlas, and Bio Oss. This systematic review seeks to evaluate the available literature on the effectiveness of autografts, allografts, and xenografts in promoting bone formation in immediate implant placement. A comprehensive literature search was carried out using keywords such as “immediate implant placement,” “autograft,” “allograft,” “xenograft,” and “bone formation.” Databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Turning Research into Practice, and Cochrane were consulted for studies published between January 2020 and January 2024. The selected papers specifically examined adults aged 18–55 years who received immediate implant placement with graft materials. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in the gingival index, plaque index, probing depths, and bone resorption at follow-ups of 3, 6, and 12 months in both studies. Outcomes remained comparable across all parameters, indicating consistent performance irrespective of group allocation (P > 0.05). Two studies concluded that grafts (PRP, PerioGlas, and Bio Oss) enhance bone formation in immediate implant placement. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of immediate implant placement combined with various graft materials. Grafts, including autogenous bone, mesenchymal stem cells, and growth factors, play a critical role in bridging the “jumping distance” and enhancing osseointegration. Advances in biomaterials and surgical techniques have made immediate implant placement a preferred protocol for restoring edentulous areas. Despite promising outcomes, variability in study designs and outcome measures, this review highlights the need for standardized, high-quality research to validate findings and optimize clinical protocols.