The pattern of use and awareness of the overuse of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in adults in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia

Abstract Background Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used to relieve pain and inflammation, but misuse these drugs may result in health risks. This study assessed NSAID use and awareness of associated risks among adults in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an online, self-administered questionnaire with 458 adult participants. Results Approximately 86% and 14% respectively of participants used NSAIDs intermittently and continuously. Awareness varied: only 51% knew about cardiovascular risks, and over 60% were unaware of pregnancy-related risks. Females showed higher awareness than males. Continuous use was associated with lack of health insurance, lower education, and abnormal BMI. Health insurance was linked to reduced continuous use (OR = 0.687, p = 0.019). Family and friends were commonly cited information sources, and reliance on professional sources varied by demographic characteristics. Conclusion NSAID use is commonly reported in Makkah, but awareness of associated risks remains incomplete. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health interventions and professional guidance to promote safe NSAID use.