Translating biomechanical risk into safety innovation: Lessons from formula 1

Formula 1 is a historically dangerous sport due to its high-speed crashes and high g-forces experienced, which have created risk for acute and long-term injury. However, research on injury prevention strategies remains underdeveloped. This review analyzes the current literature on crash forces and their mechanisms to cause injury, and the evolution of safety interventions in motorsport, focusing on Formula 1. Despite advancements in protective measures like helmet technology and restraint systems, which led to a reduction in injury rate, gaps remain in real-time biometric monitoring, standardized post-crash assessment, and cumulative impact assessment. Future directions aim to integrate smart helmets with impact sensors, track longitudinal health, and develop a Crash Impact Risk Index (CIRI). While centered on Formula 1, these approaches extend to other high-risk athletic settings in general, demonstrating the combination of engineering, sports medicine, and biomechanics in a comprehensive route to injury prevention and safety improvement.