Comparative study of science-based monitoring methods for coral reef ecological disaster mitigation in the Spermonde Archipelago

Abstract Coral reef degradation in the Spermonde Archipelago has reached alarming levels, driven by natural and anthropogenic factors. This study integrated quantitative (community perception surveys, ecological monitoring using Line Intercept Transect (LIT), Underwater Photo Transect (UPT), and drone methods) and qualitative (Focus Group Discussion - FGD) approaches to analyze coral reef conditions and design a community-based mitigation model. The results showed that: (1) There is a gradient in coral reef damage closely related to water quality, with Lae-Lae Island (turbid waters) dominated by dead coral and coral debris, while Lanyukang Island (clear waters) maintains significant live coral cover; (2) Community awareness of degradation is high (58% of respondents stated that conditions are worsening), but understanding of ecological mechanisms particularly the relationship between nutrient waste and algal blooms remains limited; (3) Readiness to participate in mitigation varies (only 29.4% are very ready), with the main barriers being a lack of experience, tools, and funding; (4) Integration of monitoring methods (LIT, UPT, drone) and local knowledge resulted in site-specific mitigation models: waste management and substrate restoration in Lae-Lae, hybrid patrol and coral transplantation in Kodingareng Lompo, and strengthening regulations and sustainable ecotourism in Lanyukang. This study concluded that the effectiveness of mitigation depends on the synergy between scientific data, local knowledge, and multidimensional partnerships that empower communities as key conservation actors.