Leveraging RNAi and CRISPR /Cas9‐based strategies for target gene characterization and control of western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis ): Advances and perspectives

Abstract Frankliniella occidentalis , the western flower thrips, is among the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide and a major vector of orthotospoviruses. Escalating insecticide resistance has intensified efforts to develop molecularly informed control strategies. RNA interference (RNAi) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) genome editing have emerged as principal tools for functional genomics in this species, enabling targeted analysis of genes involved in development, metabolism, and insecticide resistance. This review synthesizes recent advances in RNAi and CRISPR applications in F. occidentalis , with particular emphasis on delivery strategies, editing efficiencies, and resulting phenotypes. RNAi studies demonstrate growing technical feasibility through injection, feeding‐based approaches, and plant‐mediated systems, and emerging CRISPR/Cas investigations confirm the possibility of targeted gene knockouts affecting resistance traits and visible genetic markers. Despite these advances, genetic manipulation of F. occidentalis remains technically challenging, primarily due to biological and technical constraints, including inefficient delivery of ribonucleoprotein to the germline, the extremely small and fragile nature of eggs, and narrow developmental windows for manipulation. We discuss these barriers and highlight methodological innovations required to improve RNAi stability, embryo manipulation, and genome editing efficiency. Finally, we propose how these molecular and genetic tools may be incorporated into existing integrated pest management, emphasizing their potential as complementary, species‐specific strategies rather than standalone control solutions toward sustainable F. occidentalis management. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.