Prognostic Factors and Treatment Outcomes in Pediatric Balamuthia Amoebic Encephalitis: A Case Report and Literature Review

Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (BAE) is a rare and often fatal central nervous system infection caused by the free-living protozoon Balamuthia mandrillaris . Identifying the prognostic factors that affect the survival of pediatric patients is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies. We report a case of a 9-year-old boy with BAE who ultimately recovered without neurological sequelae. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive review of 55 cases of BAE in children to determine the risk factors associated with fatal outcomes. Early diagnosis via brain biopsy, complete resection of the lesion when feasible, and the use of combined therapies including azole drugs, sulfonamide drugs and thioridazine, may significantly improve the outcomes of children with amoebic cerebral encephalitis.