A Survey on IoT and Blockchain Integration in Smart Agriculture for Sustainable and Resilient Food Systems

The rapid advancement of digital technologies has significantly transformed modern agriculture, marking a shift toward systemswhere the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain supports more secure, transparent, and efficient agriculturaloperations. Despite this progress, traditional farming practices continue to face persistent challenges, including limited supplychain visibility, data security risks, insufficient traceability, and uncertainties arising from climate variability. Standalonetechnological solutions have, in most cases, proven inadequate in addressing these issues in a comprehensive manner.Against this backdrop, the present survey provides a systematic review of IoT–blockchain integration in smart agriculture,drawing on a curated set of 40 recent studies published between 2022 and 2026. The discussion covers architecturalframeworks, communication protocols, and consensus mechanisms that underpin these systems, while also examining theirapplication in areas such as supply chain traceability, precision farming, crop monitoring, and smart contract–driven resourceallocation. Key considerations—including scalability, interoperability, energy efficiency, and data privacy—are exploredalongside ongoing challenges such as latency constraints, the lack of standardization, and barriers to adoption amongsmallholder farmers. Looking ahead, the survey also points to emerging research directions aligned with the Agriculture 5.0paradigm, particularly those aimed at enabling sustainable, human-centric, and resilient food systems. In doing so, it bringstogether insights that may assist researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working at the intersection of agriculturaldigitalization and distributed ledger technologies