IoTBased Smart Irrigation Systems: A Systematic Review

Water is one of the most valuable natural resources required for agricultural productivity and human survival. However, due to rapid population growth, industrialization, and climate change, the availability of freshwater resources is continuously decreasing. Traditional irrigation methods such as flood irrigation and manual watering systems are inefficient and lead to significant water wastage. These methods do not consider the real-time moisture condition of the soil, resulting in either over-irrigation or under-irrigation, which adversely affects crop growth and yield. In order to overcome these challenges, this paper proposes an advanced Smart Irrigation System using Internet of Things (IoT) technology for efficient and sustainable water management. The system utilizes soil moisture sensors to continuously monitor the water content present in the soil. The collected data is transmitted to a microcontroller, which processes the information and determines the irrigation requirement based on predefined threshold values. When the moisture level falls below the required limit, the system automatically activates a water pump through a relay module. Once the optimal moisture level is achieved, the system switches OFF the pump, thereby preventing water wastage. Furthermore, the proposed system can be integrated with wireless communication technologies to enable remote monitoring and control. This enhances the efficiency of the irrigation process and reduces the dependency on manual labor. The system is designed to be cost-effective, reliable, and scalable, making it suitable for both small-scale and large-scale agricultural applications. By optimizing water usage and improving crop productivity, the proposed smart irrigation system contributes significantly to sustainable agriculture and resource conservation.