Shotgun proteomics for biomarker discovery in microbial pathogens and allergens in food: a review

Shotgun proteomics has revolutionized protein research by combining liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), enabling the identification and quantification of proteins in complex mixtures. This technique has significantly advanced the study of various foodborne pathogenic bacteria and food allergens rapidly and robustly. This review article compiles the use of shotgun proteomics for characterizing key biomarkers in foodborne pathogenic bacteria, facilitating their specific identification and the characterization of virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and other biomarkers. These biomarkers are crucial for investigating the most relevant foodborne pathogens that contaminate food intended for human consumption. Additionally, the review will cover current applications of proteomics in identifying food allergens, aiming to prevent such hazards and protect consumers. Furthermore, new trends in shotgun proteomics will be discussed to highlight the most recent advances in the field.