A post-publication investigation conducted by the Elsevier's Research Integrity & Publishing Ethics team on behalf of the journal could not confirm whether or not ethical approval was given for the research presented in this publication in line with the journal's policy. As it cannot be established whether the article complies with the journal's policies on ethical approval, the editor has determined to issue an Expression of Concern.
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A Wed, study studied this question.
www.synapsesocial.com/papers/69db383b4fe01fead37c6690 — DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44920
Heliyon
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