Mechanistic insights into Calotropis procera extract and green-silver nanoparticles as therapeutic agents in murine schistosomiasis: Targeting BAX/Bcl-2 and oxidative stress.

The normalized parasitological and physiological parameters were utilized in develop-ing a novel mathematical framework that facilitates more objective assessments for treatment pro-tocols. Although PZQ showed the highest efficacy against the parasite (total efficacy score: 71.8), the plant extract showed the highest efficacy in anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic properties (total efficacy score: 61.6). However, GSNPs showed balanced therapeutic benefits (total efficacy score: 51.1). This study indicated that comparison based on both the host physiological parameters and those of the parasite is more comprehensive for optimal anti-schistosomal treatment selection. This study also confirmed that treatments derived from plant sources may have complementary benefits over traditional chemotherapy through metabolic pathways involved in the host protective responses.