Lens Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction Signaling: Dual Pillars of Age-Related Cataract Pathogenesis

Cataracts are among the leading causes of visual impairment globally, with age-related cataracts (ARCs) being the most prevalent form. Current research into ARCs' mechanisms has focused on oxidative damage, inflammation, autophagy, and aging, whereas the role of biomechanics therein remains unclear. In this review, we discuss the role of biomechanics in ARC pathogenesis and summarize recent advances in understanding related mechanisms. Specifically, we address biomechanical changes in lens tissue associated with ARC progression and explore signaling pathways implicated in ARC pathogenesis, including Piezo1 signaling, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, and mechanically associated Ca2+ influx. A comprehensive understanding of biomechanical influences in ARCs could provide valuable insights and facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets to prevent or slow disease progression.