Membrane distillation (MD) is an attractive technology for desalination driven by renewable energy and low-grade heat sources. However, specific practical guidelines for intermittent operations, typical of such alternative energy sources, are still limited—particularly with respect to established shutdown measures to mitigate adverse effects on the overall system performance. The present study compares continuous and intermittent air-gap MD desalination at a lab-scale by evaluating performance parameters and scaling development. Apart from a slightly lower distillate productivity and a similar distillate quality under intermittent conditions, no direct difference in MD performance between continuous and intermittent experiments was detected. Nevertheless, online monitoring by image analysis with optical coherence tomography revealed more advanced scaling development during intermittent operation, with larger scaling volumes and cover ratios, particularly after implementing a membrane rinsing and preservation protocol with demineralized water. Membrane autopsies revealed that intermittency led to alterations in the development of the crystal morphology of predominantly CaCO3 scaling. These changes were attributed to enhanced nucleation and modified growth kinetics triggered by recurring shutdown and start-up phases. Overall, the findings showed that intermittency had an adverse effect in terms of scaling behavior, highlighting the need for operating protocols tailored to each specific MD application.
Morales et al. (2026) studied this question.