This integrative review comprehensively explores the role of dairy foods in the prevention and management of sarcopenia in older adults. The review examines key mechanisms through which dairy components influence muscle metabolism, including activation of the mTORC1 pathway by leucine-rich whey and casein proteins, regulation of muscle cell differentiation and atrophy, and modulation of the gut–muscle axis through probiotics and short-chain fatty acid production. Particular attention is given to bioactive components such as lactoferrin and milk-derived exosomes, highlighting their potential anti- inflammatory, antioxidant, and mitochondrial-protective roles. Clinical and epidemiological studies support these mechanistic findings. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated improvements in muscle strength, physical performance, and microbial diversity among older adults consuming dairy products. This study also addresses practical considerations, including optimal intake timing, strategies for managing lactose intolerance, and the influence of cultural dietary patterns. In addition, the limitations of existing studies are discussed, including heterogeneous study designs, short intervention durations, and a lack of standardized biomarkers. Overall, this review highlights the need for longitudinal and standardized research integrating genetics, diet, and gut microbiota to further validate the role of dairy foods in the management of sarcopenia. By providing a timely, evidence-based synthesis, this review may help inform future functional food development, clinical interventions, and public health nutrition strategies aimed at promoting healthy aging.
Lee et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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