Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: Current Insights into Pathogenesis and Clinical Management: A Narrative Review

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a distinct condition that presents as heart failure (HF) in a woman who was previously healthy and has no prior cardiovascular issues. It results from idiopathic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, characterized by a reduced LV ejection fraction below 45%. PPCM is a life-threatening condition with a high mortality rate (MR) that demands urgent treatment. Methods: This narrative review aims to define PPCM and its pathophysiology and conduct a scoping review of the latest data on the management of patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Results: Currently, treatment follows standard HF protocols for reduced ejection fraction, with the possible addition of bromocriptine, and during pregnancy, medications that do not harm the fetus. Conclusions: Early, aggressive therapy is essential for a better prognosis, but managing PPCM can be challenging. Treatment of PPCM patients should be led by a team of highly qualified specialists, known as the Obstetric and Cardiac Care Team, comprising an obstetrician-perinatologist, an anesthesiologist, a cardiologist, and a cardiac intensive care specialist. Baseline left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) are the main prognostic factors. LVEF less than 30%, significant LV dilatation, LVEDD ≥ 6.0 cm, and right ventricular involvement are factors indicative of a poor prognosis. While pregnancy after PPCM is possible, it should be discouraged due to the significant risk of complications and even death. The most common causes of death in patients with PPCM are thromboembolic complications, severe HF, serious ventricular arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, and sudden cardiac arrest.