Evaluation on the manufacturing, properties, and potential use of Chara vulgaris extract cubosome nanoformulation to mitigate hepatic and renal damage from Solid Ehrlich carcinoma: in vitro and in vivo investigation

The family Characeae contains a variety of bioactive substances with structurally diverse chemical compositions and biological functions. This study aimed to evaluate the potential role of Chara vulgaris methanolic extract cubosome nanoformulation in the treatment of the hepatic and renal damages caused by solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC). C. vulgaris extract was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and the biosynthesized C. vulgaris nanoformulation was identified using the fundamental analytical approaches. Female Swiss albino mice were used to examine the effect of C. vulgaris nanoformulation against SEC-induced hepatic and renal damage, which were allocated randomly to eight equal groups (n = 6). GC-MS uncovered the presence of several bioactive compounds in the C. vulgaris methanolic extract, particularly phytol, oleic, phthalic, and palmitic acids, as well as hexadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, and 9-octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanediol ester, (E, E, E)-, which may play a key biological functional defense role. All the evaluated liver (AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin) and kidney (urea and creatinine) functions were markedly decreased in the in vivo research as a result of the C. vulgaris nanoformulation treatment. The histopathological examination of the liver and kidney supports our observations well. Moreover, the immunohistochemical markers (ER-α, Ki-67, PCNA, and VEGF) were significantly downregulated in the C. vulagris nanoformulation treatment, while caspase-3 was upregulated as compared to the untreated SEC mice. Our findings suggest that C. vulgaris nanoformulation is a potential formulation strategy for mitigating the liver and kidney damage caused by SEC.