A two-stage multi-objective optimization framework for coordinated EV charging scheduling and reactive power dispatch

Abstract Car exhaust emissions significantly contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer. Electric vehicles (EVs) present a sustainable alternative to mitigate this environmental issue. However, the large-scale adoption of EVs introduces challenges for the power grid, primarily due to irregular and uncoordinated charging patterns. This study proposes a comprehensive two-stage framework for optimizing electric vehicle (EV) charging patterns and reactive power dispatch within power distribution systems. In Stage 1, two types of EV charging schedules are developed and compared: day-ahead charging and real-time charging. Day-ahead charging involves planning EV charging over a 24-hour horizon with the objective of minimizing load variance, energy cost, active power losses, and voltage drop, while simultaneously maximizing voltage stability. Real-time charging dynamically adjusts charging behavior based on immediate grid conditions to minimize load variance and charging costs. Stage 2 focuses on optimal real-time reactive power dispatch, utilizing the reactive power capabilities of EV inverters to further reduce the active and reactive power losses. Additionally, the study analyzes EV behavior in response to sudden load changes, providing critical insights for enhancing grid performance. Different optimization algorithms are implemented to efficiently solve the proposed models, including particle swarm optimization, dandelion optimization, wild horse optimization, and slime mould optimization. The optimization is formulated as a multi-objective problem to consider both grid constraints and customer satisfaction. The proposed framework is applied and tested on a 33-bus radial distribution system with 984 electric vehicles using MATLAB M-files, while power flow calculations are performed using the MATPOWER toolbox. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Daily active power losses are reduced from 4.04 MWh to 2.55 MWh and 2.77 MWh under day-ahead and real-time planning strategies—representing reductions of 36.8% and 31.4%, respectively. Similarly, EV charging costs drop from 552.31 USD to 394.19 USD and 363.68 USD, achieving cost savings of 28.63% and 34.15%. Furthermore, voltage profiles are maintained within the acceptable operational limit of 0.95 p.u. These outcomes highlight the significant advantages of the proposed methodology in enhancing grid efficiency while ensuring user satisfaction.