Deforestation in India: Drivers, Consequences and Policy Responses

AbstractDeforestation is one of the most pressing environmental challenges confronting India today. Forests, which once covered much of the subcontinent, have been significantly reduced due to agricultural expansion, mining, industrialization, urbanization, and infrastructure development. Although the India State of Forest Report (ISFR 2021) indicates that India’s overall forest and tree cover has marginally increased in recent years, satellite data and ground-level observations show that natural forests are declining in both area and quality. This paper explores the drivers of deforestation in India, examines the ecological, climatic, and socioeconomic consequences, and assesses policy responses such as the Forest Conservation Act (1980), Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA), and the Green India Mission. Drawing on secondary data, government reports, and academic research, the paper identifies gaps in governance and community participation, and concludes with recommendations for achieving sustainable forest management that balances conservation and development.