Primary orbital B cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in a toddler mimicking rhabdomyosarcoma: a diagnostic challenge

Paediatric orbital tumours are rare, and primary orbital lymphomas are particularly uncommon, with an incidence of approximately 0.12 per 1000 000 children. Such lymphomas may present as orbital cellulitis, sinonasal or orbital masses. Due to overlapping clinical and radiological features, these cases are often misdiagnosed initially, with rhabdomyosarcoma being a common provisional diagnosis. We report a rare case of primary orbital B cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in a toddler, initially misdiagnosed as rhabdomyosarcoma, later confirmed via histopathology and immunophenotyping.