Abstract A novel fixed-time cooperative guidance law is developed to enable multiple flight vehicles to simultaneously intercept various target motions with desired impact angle, including stationary, constant-velocity moving and manoeuvring targets, with a unified guidance structure that requires no mode switching or target motion classification. First, a fixed-time distributed cooperative guidance law is developed using the theory of multi-intelligence cooperative control, which is formulated along the line of sight (LOS) direction. This approach ensures that the impact time is regulated, enabling multiple flight vehicles to intercept the target simultaneously within a fixed time. In the second phase, employing a sliding manifold and a fixed-time reaching law, the normal acceleration of each flight vehicle is designed to ensure that the LOS angle converges to its target value within a fixed duration. Unknown components of the target’s acceleration are estimated via fixed-time observers and incorporated into the guidance commands, enhancing precision and robustness in the guidance process. In conclusion, the proposed approach proves the effectiveness and superiority through numerical simulations, including various target motions, switching communication topology, robustness against uncertainties based on Monte Carlo experiment and comparative studies.
Du et al. (2026) studied this question.