Legal element recognition, which identifies discrete factual elements in Chinese court judgments to support judicial analysis and case retrieval, faces a severe long-tail challenge: head-to-tail label-frequency ratios exceed 100:1, and over 60% of sentences carry no label, starving rare elements of training signal. Static reweighting methods assign fixed weights prior to training and cannot respond to the model’s evolving confidence; sample-level meta-learning couples all co-occurring label gradients to a single scalar, preventing independent tail-label amplification. We propose BML-Trans, a boundary-aware meta-learning framework that addresses both limitations. A label-wise meta-weighting mechanism maintains per-label gradient weights updated via bilevel hypergradient descent, decoupling tail-label amplification from co-occurring head labels. A boundary-aware meta-set concentrates calibration signal on high-uncertainty, tail-triggering sentences rather than on easy negatives, and a lightweight Multi-Scale Adapter sharpens the warm-up probability estimates on which boundary selection depends. Concretely, BML-Trans achieves an average Avg-F1 of 82.5% on CAIL2019 across the labor, divorce, and loan domains, outperforming the strongest baseline by 1.2 percentage points overall and by up to 5.7 percentage points on tail-label Macro-F1, at only 14% additional training cost. Ablation confirms a cascade dependency among the three components, establishing that the gains are structural rather than incidental to threshold selection or initialization.
Han et al. (2026) studied this question.