Visual motor integration, visual perception and motor coordination in children with horizontal strabismus

AIM: To compare visual motor integration (VMI) in non-amblyopic children with and without horizontal strabismus. METHODS: VMI, visual perception, and motor coordination were evaluated in non-amblyopic children aged 6 to 17 years old using the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery-VMI), together with its supplementary Developmental Tests of Visual Perception and Motor Coordination. RESULTS: Forty-five non-amblyopic children with horizontal strabismus (23 males, 22 females; mean age: 126.0±33mo) and 45 children without strabismus (22 males, 23 females; mean age: 126.2±34mo) were enrolled. Children with horizontal strabismus exhibited significantly lower mean Beery-VMI scores (P0.001), visual perception scores (P0.001), and motor coordination scores (P0.001) compared with controls, even after adjustment for confounding variables including sex, age, regular sports participation, number of siblings, and stereopsis. CONCLUSION: Non-amblyopic children with horizontal strabismus demonstrate significantly poorer performance in Beery-VMI, visual perception, and motor coordination compared with children without strabismus.