Comparing the mechanisms of level-1 and level-2 visual perspective taking: Theoretical controversies, behavioral and neuroscientific evidence

Key Points

• This research aims to clarify the relationship and processing differences between level-1 and level-2 visual perspective taking.
• Proposes a three-stage processing model of visual perspective taking.
• Analyzes behavioral and neuroscientific evidence.
• Examines information processing, perspective simulation, and response selection stages.
• Level-1 and level-2 share basic spatial information encoding but differ in representation detail.
• Level-1 relies on quick gaze tracking, while level-2 requires embodied reference frame transformations.
• Both levels may share understanding of others' intentions, but level-2 demands greater cognitive control.

Abstract