Hypoxia is the core shared mechanism linking these four diseases to cognitive impairment, involving mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation, with additional modulation by genetic and adaptive factors. However, current evidence is limited by publication bias and inconsistent findings (e.g., for anemia). These conclusions must be interpreted with extreme caution, and high-quality longitudinal studies are needed to confirm causality.
Fei et al. (2026) studied this question.
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