In this paper, we propose a high-sensitivity fiber Bragg grating (FBG) pressure sensor based on an X-shaped mechanical transducer that converts external pressure into predominantly axial strain, thereby helping to alleviate bending-dominant spectral distortion and improve measurement stability. A theoretical model is developed to describe the relationship between applied force, pressure, and grating wavelength shift. Experimental optimization was conducted by varying Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) thickness, bonding materials, and contact area to achieve sensitivities of 0.291 nm/N, 0.409 nm/N, and 0.462 nm/N, respectively, within the investigated force range of 0–10 N. For measuring the under water pressure, the sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 0.596 nm/kPa within the investigated pressure range of 0–6 kPa. The results demonstrate the nice sensing performance with high sensitivity, good linearity, and excellent repeatability. This work provides an effective approach for high-performance FBG-based pressure sensing in underwater and harsh environments.
Li et al. (2026) studied this question.