Ecogeographic and biogeochemical characteristics of desertification processes in the Gabala region of Azerbaijan

The process of desertification in the territory of the Gabala region of Azerbaijan is considered to be an extremely urgent both as an ecological and socio-economic problem, under increasingly arid hydrometeorological and climatic conditions. The process of desertification manifests itself in different intensity depending on the natural conditions of the area, especially anthropogenic, topography, climate, biological, etc. The gradual intensification of drought over the years, indifferent changes in air temperature and humidity regimes, soil pollution by waste, and overgrazing of summer pastures continue to negatively affect the ecological balance of the area. To assess the progression of desertification, biogeochemical research methods were employed, utilizing biogeocenoses defined within natural landscape facies. The aim was to demonstrate the acceleration of desertification in selected sites in connection with frequent shifts in climatic stability and a decline in the concentration of bioavailable elements in the soil. This study also highlights that desertification processes in the Gabala region are closely linked not only to natural factors but also to anthropogenic impacts. Deforestation, intensive grazing, inefficient land use, and the increase of industrial waste contribute to the decline of soil fertility and the disruption of biogeochemical balance. Therefore, sustainable land management, strengthening ecological monitoring, and raising awareness among local communities are essential measures to mitigate the risks of desertification.