Abstract This working paper critically examines cognitive and neuroscientific perspectives on attention, perception, and language. Drawing on classic and contemporary theories, it argues that no single cognitive model sufficiently explains these processes. Instead, the paper demonstrates that cognition emerges from dynamic interactions between bottom‑up sensory mechanisms and top‑down cognitive control. Behavioural evidence is integrated with neuroscientific findings to provide a coherent review suitable for students and early‑career researchers. This paper has not undergone peer review.
Redouane Boukar Bent Houmane (Sat,) studied this question.