Alkaline proteases are among the most important industrial enzymes, widely used in detergent formulations due to their high efficiency, specificity, and eco-friendly nature. These enzymes break down proteinbased stains such as blood, milk, eggs, and sweat by converting insoluble proteins into soluble peptides and amino acids under alkaline conditions. This enhances cleaning performance while maintaining fabric quality. Although proteases are produced by plants, animals, and microorganisms, microbial sources are preferred because of their high yield, stability, and ease of genetic modification. Industrially important microorganisms such as Bacillus, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma produce proteases that are more stable and cost-effective compared to plant- and animal-derived enzymes like papain and trypsin. Microbial alkaline proteases play a key role in laundry detergents, dishwashing agents, and industrial cleaners, allowing effective stain removal even at lower temperatures and reducing the need for harsh chemicals. Advances in protein engineering, recombinant DNA technology, and directed evolution are further improving enzyme stability and performance. Additionally, the use of agro-industrial waste for enzyme production offers a sustainable and economical approach. Overall, alkaline proteases provide an efficient and environmentally friendly solution, supporting greener cleaning technologies and sustainable industrial development.
Velu et al. (2026) studied this question.