The JWST Early Release Science Program for Direct Observations of Exoplanetary Systems. VII. Molecular Mapping Performance with JWST/MIRI MRS: VHS 1256 b as a Case Study

Abstract VHS 1256 b was the first planetary-mass companion to be observed with the James Webb Space Telescope’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (JWST/MIRI) using the Medium-Resolution Spectrometer (MRS). The MRS provides high-quality integral-field spectral data in the mid-infrared (IR) wavelengths from 4.9–18 μ m. This data set serves as a testbed for applying cross-correlation techniques to characterize exoplanet atmospheres. We implement the so-called molecular mapping approach, which consists of performing a spectral cross-correlation between each spectral pixel and atmospheric model templates. We compare these results with those obtained from cross-correlation of the extracted spectrum. Using a self-consistent Exo-REM atmospheric model grid, we constrain the temperature, surface gravity, C/O ratio, and metallicity, finding values consistent with those obtained from other analysis methods. We detect CO (S/N ∼ 25) and H 2 O (S/N ∼ 76), with tentative detections of NH 3 and CH 4 (S/N ∼ 3). We test cross-correlation to measure trace-species abundances and isotopic ratios. We measure a volume mixing ratio (VMR) of NH 3 = − 5.7 3 − 0.14 + 0.15 and an isotopic ratio 12 C / 13 C = 77 . 8 − 10 + 13 , both consistent with free-chemistry retrievals. The derived NH 3 VMR, combined with the measured temperature and radius, is consistent with VHS 1256 b having a mass above the deuterium-burning limit. These results demonstrate the diagnostic power of mid-IR spectroscopy and highlight cross-correlation as a robust method for characterizing directly imaged exoplanets, even in future higher-contrast regimes where spectral extraction becomes challenging. Future MIRI MRS observations across a wider range of temperatures and masses will further expand our understanding of planetary atmospheric chemistry.