Advances in Biosensors for Detection of Myocardial Infarction: A Comprehensive Review

Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly called a heart attack, is a major global health issue due to its high rates of illness and death caused by irreversible damage to the heart muscle from lack of oxygen. For effective treatment and improved patient outcomes, a quick and accurate diagnosis is essential. Traditional methods such as electrocardiograms (ECGs) and established biomarkers like myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), and cardiac troponin (cTn) are important but have limitations, which drives the search for new biomarkers. Recent research has focused on emerging biomarkers, including heart‐type fatty acid‐binding protein (hFABP) and matrix metalloproteinase, which offer promising alternatives or additions to current diagnostic methods. Including these biomarkers in combined biosensor panels improves diagnostic accuracy and speed, enabling earlier intervention. The development of real‐time biosensors further boosts diagnostic precision, allowing timely clinical decisions. Combining multiple cardiac biomarkers with advanced biosensing technologies has the potential to greatly improve patient care and quality of life. This comprehensive review discusses recent advancements in biosensors for MI detection, highlighting new biomarkers and integrated biosensing platforms that could transform MI diagnosis and treatment, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes and a reduction in the global disease burden.