Low Braille Literacy And Why Braille Uptake Remains Poor In India: Challenges Of Cost, Teacher Shortage, And Digital Substitution

Braille, developed by Louis Braille in the 19th century, remains vital for literacy and independence among individuals who are blind or people with visual disabilities. Yet, literacy in Braille rates in India continues to decline despite inclusive education policies and technological progress. This study examines the key factors behind the low adoption of Braille, focusing on economic barriers, a shortage of trained educators, and growing reliance on digital and audio-based tools. Analysis of government reports, academic research, and NGO data reveals that high costs of Braille materials, limited funding, and significant urban–rural disparities hinder accessibility. The lack of certified Braille instructors further affects the quality and consistency of instruction. Moreover, while digital technologies enhance accessibility, they have unintentionally diminished tactile reading skills, leading to reduced Braille proficiency. The paper advocates for a dual-literacy approach that integrates Braille with digital tools to promote both cognitive and linguistic development. It recommends expanding teacher training programs, improving Braille infrastructure, and ensuring equitable access to learning resources. Strengthening literacy in Braille is essential for inclusive education, skill development, and sustainable workforce participation of persons with visual impairments in India.