Hydrogen energy storage systems for power grid resilience: A comprehensive review and future directions from multidimensional aspects

The rapid transition toward inverter-dominated renewable power systems has substantially reduced rotational inertia, resulting in faster frequency excursions and heightened vulnerability to disturbances. In this context, green hydrogen-enabled power systems—integrating electrolyzers, fuel cells, hydrogen storage, and hydrogen-fueled turbines—are increasingly recognized as a promising pathway to enhance grid stability and resilience while supporting long-term decarbonization goals. This paper presents a comprehensive review of hydrogen energy storage system (HESS) -integrated power systems, with a particular focus on stability analysis, dynamic modeling, and control strategies across both DC and AC domains. Unlike existing reviews that typically address hydrogen integration, power converter control, or grid resilience in isolation, this work adopts a unified perspective encompassing four interrelated dimensions: (i) grid resilience and frequency ancillary services, (ii) inertia and fast frequency support enabled by hydrogen turbines, (iii) primary and secondary DC/DC control architectures for hydrogen interfacing, and (iv) DC/AC grid-following and grid-forming inverter control strategies. Specifically, prior reviews typically address one or two aspects in isolation: while several works examine electrolyzer frequency response or hydrogen turbine inertia independently, none simultaneously covers grid resilience services, hydrogen turbine dynamics, layered DC/DC converter control, and DC/AC grid-forming inverter strategies within a unified framework. This fragmentation leaves the coupled multi-timescale dynamics of hydrogen-integrated systems in low-inertia grids poorly understood, which constitutes the core motivation of this review. Here, particular attention is given to the capability of hydrogen-based systems to deliver fast frequency response, virtual inertia, and black-start functionality. Key challenges—including round-trip efficiency limitations, nonlinear device dynamics, hydrogen buffering constraints, and the lack of standardized, scalable control frameworks—are critically examined. Based on the identified gaps including the absence of coordinated DC/DC—DC/AC control frameworks, insufficient treatment of hydrogen turbine dynamics in converter-dominated systems, and the lack of utility-scale validation, this paper concludes with a forward-looking research roadmap outlining priority directions in control design, system-level modeling, integration, and validation required to enable resilient, grid-forming hydrogen-based power systems in renewable-dominated electricity networks. • Offers a roadmap for resilient power-grid services using hydrogen-based systems. • Reviews the development trajectory and challenges of hydrogen generators as inertia providers. • Unifies the layered control of electrolyzer and fuel cell DC interfaces. • Distinguishes between grid-forming and grid-following roles of hydrogen power interfaces. • Charts research gaps and future directions for hydrogen grid integration.