Effect of manganese (0%, 0.5% and 1%) doping on the optical and crystal properties of Barium Titanate (BaTiO

This study aims to investigate the effect of Manganese (Mn) ion addition on the optical and ferroelectric properties of Barium Titanate (BaTiCh) materials synthesised by the Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) method. The variations of the Mn dopant used are 0%, 0.5%, and 1% atoms to BaTiCb. This study used a UV–Vis spectrophotometer to determine the band gap energy via the Kubelka-Munk method, and employed X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the lattice parameters, spontaneous polarisation, and dipole moment. The lattice parameters were found to change significantly with Mn incorporation, with BaTiC3 exhibiting a = 4.22 Å and c = 4.61 Å, BaTi0.995Mn0.005O3 showing increased values of a = 5.48 Å and c = 5.52 Å, and BaTi0.99Mn0.01O3 having a = 5.13 Å and c = 5.45 Å. The value of spontaneous polarisation decreased slightly from 0.1826 C/m2 to 0.1815 C/m2 at 1% Mn doping, indicating a reduction in dipole-domain regularity due to Mn ion substitution at the Ti site. These results show that Mn doping can effectively modify the electronic and ferroelectric properties of BaTiO3, potentially improving material performance for capacitor and optoelectronic sensor applications.