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April 27, 2026Angewandte Chemie International Edition0 citationsOpen Access

1,4‐Digermacyclopenta‐1,3‐diene: Continuous Cyclic σ*–π Delocalization Enables Aromatic Stabilization in a Heavy‐Element 4π System

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DUDaichi UchidaHYHiroko YamadaYMYoshiyuki Mizuhata

Key Points

  • This research investigates the unique aromatic properties of 1,4-digermacyclopenta-1,3-diene, focusing on its 4π electron framework.
  • Utilized X-ray crystallography to analyze the structure of the [Ge2C3] ring.
  • Conducted magnetic and electronic analyses including NICS, GIMIC, ACID, and EDDB to assess aromatic stability.
  • Performed natural bond orbital analysis to explore σ*–π delocalization between the Ge-Ge bond and adjacent π orbitals.
  • X-ray crystallography reveals a near-planar [Ge2C3] ring structure.
  • GIMIC calculations indicate a strong diatropic ring current of +8.38 nA T^-1, implying significant aromatic stabilization.
  • Natural bond orbital analysis identifies σ*–π delocalization as the primary mechanism for stabilization despite a minor open-shell contribution.

Abstract

Aromaticity in heavy-element systems can arise from unconventional modes of cyclic electron delocalization that are not accessible in lighter-element frameworks. Herein, we report 1,4-digermacyclopenta-1,3-diene as an unusual aromatic system in which a formally 4π electron framework is stabilized through cooperative σ*-π interactions. X-ray crystallography reveals a nearly planar Ge2C3 ring, while magnetic and electronic analyses (NICS, GIMIC, ACID, and EDDB) consistently indicate significant aromatic stabilization. In particular, GIMIC calculations show a pronounced diatropic ring current with an average strength of +8.38 nA T-1. Natural bond orbital analysis reveals that this stabilization originates from σ*-π delocalization involving the Ge-Ge bond and adjacent π orbitals. Despite a low-lying open-shell contribution (y ≈ 0.11), the system remains predominantly closed-shell. Notably, this system represents a rare case in which σ*-π interactions form a continuous cyclic delocalization pathway, resulting in a distinct form of aromatic stabilization.

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Cite This Study

Uchida et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69eefd15fede9185760d3e59https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.7558823
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