Monopoly regulation in developing economies has gained prominence as these countries transition from state‑led or highly protected markets towards more liberalised and globally integrated economic systems.12 The growth of large domestic conglomerates, the privatisation of state‑owned enterprises, and the rise of powerful digital and infrastructure players have heightened concerns about excessive market power, barriers to entry, and the exclusion of smaller rms.34 In response, many developing countries have adopted or modernised competition laws to address monopoly power, abuse of dominance, and other anti‑competitive practices, often drawing inspiration from international models and guidance issued by organisations such as UNCTAD and the OECD.2:15 Monopoly regulation in these settings is thus closely tied to broader development goals, including c4o:1ns5u:1m er welfare, innovation, employment generation, and the reduction of inequality.
Gupta et al. (2026) studied this question.