scaffold. Spectroscopic and computational analyses suggest the presence of a stable intramolecular hydrogen bonding that maintains the amine protonated, and ITC confirmed its strong chaotropic nature. Cell-based uptake assays using neutral, cationic, and anionic fluorophores showed preserved membrane permeability for neutral cargo but reduced delivery of charged species. Low cytotoxicity suggests suitability as a carrier for biological applications. These findings emphasize how overall charge and polarity impact intracellular transport, providing insights into designing next-generation superchaotropic carriers.
Nakajima et al. (2026) studied this question.