Linking environmental variability with germination timing in Phalaris minor through population-based threshold models

Background: Phalaris minor Retz. is a major weed of rice-wheat cropping systems in South Asia, where its variable dormancy and germination behavior hinder effective control and often lead to heavy reliance on herbicides. Population-based threshold models offer a useful approach for predicting weed emergence, allowing for better management interventions and potentially reducing dependence on chemical control. Objective: The study aims to predict the germination and emergence behavior of Phalaris minor seeds in rice-wheat cropping systems by predicting key ecological ...