Impact of Selected Pyrethroid Insecticides on the Survival and Health of Clarias Gariepinus Fingerlings

Pesticides play a critical role in pest control and enhancing food production; however, their excessive use poses significant risks to environmental quality and human health. Pyrethroid pesticides, esters of chrysanthemic acid derived from natural pyrethrins, are widely used against domestic and agricultural insect pests due to their high efficacy. Based on chemical structure, pyrethroids are classified into Type I (lacking an alpha-cyano moiety) and Type II (containing an alpha-cyano moiety), each associated with distinct toxicological syndromes in non-target organisms and humans. Type I pyrethroids induce tremors, poor coordination, and seizures, whereas Type II pyrethroids cause hyperactivity, salivation, and sinuous writhing movements. Their persistence, mobility, and moderate hazard classification underscore the need for careful management to mitigate ecological and health impacts. This study highlights the toxicological implications of pyrethroid exposure and emphasizes sustainable usage practices in environmental and public health contexts.