Quantum dots at the oncology interface: Transforming breast cancer diagnosis, imaging, and treatment.

Breast cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related illnesses and deaths globally, which calls for the use of advanced technologies in early diagnosis, precise imaging, and effective therapy. Quantum dots (QDs) have become extremely versatile nanomaterials due to their size-dependent optical properties, large surface area, and easily modifiable physicochemical properties; thus, they can be used in a wide range of applications from diagnosis to therapy. Latest changes show that inorganic, carbon-based, and graphene-derived QDs can be made more biocompatible, controllable in their targeting, and multifunctional by their synthesis and surface functionalization. Great strides have been made in diagnostic applications such as very sensitive electrochemical and optical biosensors, radiolabeled QD probes, and quantum-optimised artificial intelligence-assisted imaging systems, which can detect at femtogram levels, provide high specificity, and are stable in complicated biological matrices. At the same time, therapeutic interventions including QD-mediated drug delivery, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, and nano-immunotherapy have been demonstrated to exhibit strong antitumor effects, inhibition of tumour recurrence and metastasis, immune microenvironment modulation, and decreased systemic toxicity in animal models. Efforts to transition clinical translation further highlight the increasing significance of QD-based platforms. Taken together, these discoveries position QDs as a potential nanotheranostic platform of the next generation with considerable ability to revolutionize breast cancer diagnosis, treatment precision, and patient outcomes, which, however, necessitate solving issues related to long-term safety, production scalability, and regulatory challenges before successful clinical implementation can take place.