This manuscript introduces TUM-NR, a non-relativistic dual-action formulation in which galaxy and cluster acceleration discrepancies arise from a nonlinear gravitational response to the baryonic displacement field. The same response kernel is applied to SPARC galaxies and XCOP clusters, with the galaxy scale fixed by the cosmological horizon acceleration scale and the cluster regime described by a spectral-scale transition.
Soufiane EL HAJJAMI (2026) studied this question.