Evaluating Emissions Signatures of Handheld Ultrasound in Tactical Medicine: Operational Risk, Detection Threats, and Mitigation Strategies.

BACKGROUND: Handheld ultrasound devices are increasingly used in battlefield and austere environments for point-of-injury diagnostics, but wireless-enabled models may emit detectable electromagnetic or radiofrequency (RF) signals that could compromise operational security. METHODS: Three handheld ultrasound devices (GE VScan Air, Butterfly iQ, Philips Lumify) were evaluated using RF spectrum monitoring (9kHz-3GHz) in a Faraday enclosure and high-resolution computed tomography imaging. RESULTS: The Butterfly iQ and Philips Lumify, both wired devices, exhibited no detectable emissions and lacked wireless components. The GE VScan Air, a wireless device, demonstrated active Bluetooth and Wi-Fi emissions, with internal wireless modules, antenna, and wireless charging coil identified on CT. While within expected parameters, these emissions may be detectable in electronically contested environments. CONCLUSION: Wireless handheld ultrasound devices may present an RF signature risk in tactical operations. Mitigation strategies include limiting wireless use, enhancing shielding, and increasing awareness of emissions risk in training and procurement decisions.