Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are regarded as a promising technology for sustainable hydrogen production because of their high energy conversion efficiency. In this study, a multiphysics numerical model combined with a random particle packing framework was used to evaluate the influence of anode microstructural parameters on the electrochemical performance of a button-type SOEC. The effects of anode porosity, particle size, and electrode thickness on current density were systematically analyzed. Increasing porosity from 0.3 to 0.5 reduced the current density because of the decreased fraction of electrochemically active material. Increasing the anode particle size from 50 to 300 nm significantly shortened the triple-phase boundary (TPB) length, leading to a decrease in current density from 6289 to 5502 A m−2. The effect of anode thickness reflects a trade-off between electrochemical activity and gas transport, with the current density increasing from 5502 to 5940 A m−2 as the thickness increased from 10 to 20 μm. Overall, the results highlight the coupled roles of reaction-site availability and oxygen transport in determining SOEC performance. This study provides a parametric assessment of how anode microstructure affects SOEC performance and may support the structural optimization of SOEC oxygen electrodes.
Li et al. (2026) studied this question.