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May 6, 2026BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth0 citationsOpen Access

Trends in cesarean section deliveries in Mumbai's urban informal settlements: a mixed methods study

“Everywhere you see, C-sections are happening”: examining trends and reasons for a rise in cesarean-section deliveries among women in urban informal settlements, Mumbai Metropolitan Region, using a mixed methods approach

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Authors

JSJennifer SpencerSRSheetal RajanRSRijuta Sawant

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Overview

Mixed methods approach reveals rising cesarean section rates in urban informal settlements, suggesting interventions to improve obstetric outcomes.

Key Points

  • The study examines trends and reasons for the rise in cesarean sections among women in urban informal settlements in Mumbai.
  • Employed an explanatory sequential mixed methods design
  • Collected quantitative data through cross-sectional surveys from 2019 to 2024
  • Performed logistic regression analysis to identify factors linked to cesarean sections
  • Conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with women and practitioners
  • Utilized thematic analysis to develop themes.
  • C-section rates increased from 25% in 2019 to 37% in 2024
  • Significant factors associated with C-sections included maternal age and antenatal care timing
  • Reasons for C-sections were similar across public and private facilities
  • Findings pointed to institutional limitations and evolving practices contributing to C-sections
  • Indicated a rise in repeat C-sections among primigravida women.

Cite This Study

Spencer et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69fa8eac04f884e66b530fdchttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-026-09160-8
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