Optimism and self-efficacy as mediators between social inclusion and posttraumatic growth following national trauma.

OBJECTIVE: Mass terror attacks can psychologically impact entire societies. This study examined the relationship between social inclusion and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among a population experiencing national trauma and explored mediating roles of optimism and self-efficacy. METHOD: A structured questionnaire was administered to 500 adults in Israel following the October 7, 2023, Hamas terrorist attack. RESULTS: A serial mediation model found that perceived social inclusion was positively associated with PTG, and optimism and self-efficacy acted as sequential mediators. Specifically, individuals who felt more socially included reported greater optimism, which was associated with greater self-efficacy and greater PTG. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the social contextual framework and highlight the importance of fostering social inclusion and psychological resources during national crises. Strengthening social inclusion may be a key strategy for promoting resilience and PTG following collective traumatic events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).