values suggested similar life-stress relationships. Hydrothermal aging did not significantly affect mechanical performance, although phase transformation occurred in the control group. Fractography revealed surface-initiated failures in controls and interface-related crack initiation in glass-graded specimens. Graded glass infiltration improved the fatigue reliability and characteristic strength without compromising hydrothermal stability of 4Y-PSZ. These results suggest that glass-graded 4Y-PSZ may expand the clinical applicability of translucent zirconia for long-span (≥4-unit) prosthetic reconstructions.
Souza et al. (2026) studied this question.
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