Background/Objectives: Sensory experiences and emotional information contribute to conceptual knowledge. Compared to exteroceptive modality (e.g., visual, auditory), interoceptive modality predominates in the representation of emotional concepts. However, few studies have examined the interoceptive modality-specific effects on emotional word processing. Additionally, questions remain about when emotional valence interacts with sensory experiences during the processing of emotional words, and to what extent these words are grounded in different sensory experiences. Methods: To address these gaps, the present ERP study investigated how sensory information (interoception and vision) influences emotional word processing in a lexical decision task. Results: Behavioral results showed significant differences between interoceptive and visual words, as well as between positive and negative valence. A trend toward an interaction between sensory modality and emotional valence was also observed. ERP results indicated that negative words elicited a more positive-going P2 than positive words. Significantly smaller N400 amplitudes were observed for interoceptive words than visual words in the positive condition. Negative visual words evoked enhanced LPC amplitudes compared with both negative interoceptive words and positive visual words. Conclusions: The present findings suggest a dynamic pattern of valence effects in emotional word processing, characterized by a negativity bias and a positivity bias at different stages. Furthermore, our findings highlight that interoception promotes the semantic retrieval and integration of emotional words. This study provides empirical support for the modality-specific hypothesis within the framework of interoceptive embodied cognition and offers novel implications for future research on emotional word processing.
Huang et al. (2026) studied this question.