Development in technology has terribly affected the environment. Conventional vehicles that are a product of technology cause global warming and pollution. The vehicles employ internal combustion engines (ICEs), typically burn fossil fuels and are therefore not environmentally friendly. Another driving force behind the search for alternatives is the fast depletion of fossil fuels due to their extensive consumption. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are developed to overcome all these problems and are a source of clean energy. In this paper, a novel fast integral terminal sliding mode controller (ITSMC) is proposed for the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) of multisource electric vehicles (EVs). The four power sources of the HESS are a fuel cell (FC), a battery, a photovoltaic (PV) panel, and a supercapacitor (SC), with the FC serving as the primary source. The DC bus voltage and source currents are stabilized and regulated by the proposed ITSMC. A careful comparison is made between the designed controller and the traditional sliding mode controller (SMC). The response of the controller has been verified under both step and time-varying as well as EUDC driving-cycle load current profiles. The Lyapunov stability criteria and phase plane analysis have been employed to guarantee the stability of the HESS. Besides, performance measures i.e., integral square error (ISE), integral absolute error (IAE), and integral of time-weighted absolute error (ITAE) authenticate the efficient performance of the proposed controller. Simulation (MATLAB/Simulink) and hardware in-loop results (OPAL-RT 5700 testbed) are used to confirm the effectiveness, robustness, and superior performance of the proposed ITSMC in comparison to traditional SMC. • Proposed of a novel multisource HESS-based EV and regulation of DC bus voltage to a required level using designed novel ITSMC. • Tracking of FC, battery, PV panel, and SC currents to their respective reference values under various operating conditions. • Comparison of the proposed ITSMC with conventional SMC based on experimental and simulation results. • Lyapunov stability criteria, phase plane analysis, and performance measure evaluations to ensure the stability of the proposed controller.
Noor et al. (2026) studied this question.