The Evolution of Cancer Resistance as an Inspiration for Modern Oncology – A Review

Background: Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide and is associated with the accumulation of DNA damage, disruptions in cell cycle control, and loss of genomic stability. Statistical intuition suggests that large body size or long lifespan should increase cancer risk. However, empirical observations contradict this assumption. Species such as elephants, bowhead whales, and naked mole rats do not exhibit a proportionally higher incidence of cancer, a phenomenon known as Peto's paradox. Aim: This study aimed to compare mechanisms of cancer resistance in selected mammalian species characterized by large body size or exceptional longevity, with particular emphasis on elephants, bowhead whales, and naked mole rats. The analysis focused on DNA repair pathways, cell cycle regulation, and tumor suppressor proteins, including p53 and CIRBP. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Encyclopedia Britannica, Springer and the World Health Organization. The search included the terms “CIRBP,” “Peto's paradox,” “p53 protein,” “DNA repair pathways,” “Bowhead whale,” “Cancer Resistance in Elephants,” and “Naked Mole Rat.” Only publications in English were included. Conclusions: Comparative analysis revealed that evolution has led to diverse and effective mechanisms limiting carcinogenesis. Of particular significance is the identification of the CIRBP protein in the bowhead whale as a factor enhancing the efficiency of DNA repair, highlighting the translational potential of comparative oncology for cancer prevention and therapy.