This article examines the moral foundations of ancient Indian thought through a study of Nīti Śāstra, often described as the "science of morality." By exploring three foundational texts—Kautilya's Arthashastra, Kamandaka's Nitisara, and the Panchatantra—the study highlights how ancient Indian ethics integrated philosophical ideals, pragmatic wisdom, and political responsibility. These texts collectively articulate a multidimensional moral framework encompassing personal virtue, social responsibility, and political statecraft, while maintaining a flexible and contextual approach to ethical decision-making. The article also situates Nīti within the wider Indian intellectual tradition, drawing connections to Dharmaśāstra, Itihāsa literature, and the Bhagavad Gita. It concludes by assessing the contemporary relevance of ancient Indian moral philosophy, demonstrating how the principles of Nīti Śāstra continue to offer practical insight into modern leadership, governance, education, and ethical challenges. Through this interdisciplinary analysis, the study underscores the enduring legacy of Nīti Śāstra as a comprehensive guide to ethical living across time and cultures.
Sravan S R (2026) studied this question.